Unlike private parties in a contract, the government has several unique rights that allows it to avoid its contractual obligations in certain circumstances. We have written about the government’s right to terminate contracts for convenience. But the government may also avoid contract liability by invoking the sovereign act doctrine as a defense. This defense is available where government’s obstruction to the contract is considered a public and general act as a sovereign.
Termination for Convenience
Terminations for Convenience Clauses vs. Mutual Termination Clauses: What are the Limits on the Government’s Right to Terminate?
Imagine as a supplier of medical oxygen cylinders and tanks in your region, you enter into an arrangement with HHS or DHS to provide oxygen to nearby hospital facilities dealing with surges in the COVID-19 pandemic. However, due to the recent dramatic surge in your area and the significant demand for oxygen, the government moved quickly to award you a contract that appears very different from other federal contracts you have previously signed.
Can you be forced to sign this contract modification?
Every year or so, the U.S. Postal Service changes the standard Terms and Conditions that apply to its newly awarded Highway Contract Route (HCR) and Contract Delivery Service (CDS) contacts. When this occurs, the new terms only apply to newly awarded contracts–existing contracts are unaffected and retain the same terms as when awarded.
But this year, the Postal Service has sought to apply new Terms and Conditions to existing CDS contracts as well as newly awarded ones. In an email to its CDS contractors, the Postal Service asked them to sign, without any “alterations or additions,” a contract modification that incorporated the new terms. If the contractor did not so, the Postal Service’s email threatened contract termination:
“Because of the Postal Service’s interest in maintaining consistency across its many CDS contracts, please note that a failure to respond to this correspondence … may lead the Postal Service to consider termination of the subject contract.”
After receiving this email, many contractors asked me: “Can the Postal Service really do this?” In my opinion, several legal arguments, if upheld, would make the resulting modification unenforceable. For example, the modification might fail for lack of consideration, because it gave the Postal Service what it wanted without giving anything that contractors valued in return. And it might fail for violation of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, because it seeks to recapture benefits that were foreclosed at the time of contract award. But I think the best argument against its enforceability is based on the legal theory of coercion and duress. Normally, this is a difficult argument to make, but here the elements seem apparent from the Postal Service’s email itself.
Three legal principles that limit the Termination with Notice clause
Similar to a Termination for Convenience clause, a Termination with Notice clause (often found in U.S. Postal Service contracts) allows a party to end a contract without breaching it. Under the clause, either party may terminate the contract without cost consequences by providing advance written notice – usually 60 days – to the other party. The Postal Service Board of Contract Appeals (PSBCA) addressed the limits that apply to the exercise of this clause in a decision on two closely related cases. Cook Mail Carriers, Inc., PSBCA No. 6583, and Patricia Joy Sasnett, PSBCA No. 6584, issued on March 24, 2017.
Cook and Sasnett each had separate Highway Contract Route contracts to transport mail at designated times between various points in Alabama. In March 2014, the Postal Service made changes to its processing network that affected several contractors, including Cook and Sasnett. While the network changes could have been effected by modifying their contracts, the Contracting Officer (CO) instead exercised the Termination with Notice clause.
When he terminated the contracts, the CO misunderstood the network changes. He thought the changes were needed because the Gadsden, AL mail processing facility was closing. In fact, the Gadsden facility was already closed and revised routes were needed because other mail transportation hubs were being relocated.
Propriety of the termination
Cook and Sasnett filed claims asserting the terminations were improper and the case ended up at the Postal Service Board of Contract Appeals (PSBCA). Examining the Termination with Notice clause, the PSBCA noted that while it does not include any express limitations, its use “is not truly unlimited.” The PSBCA then considered whether the CO’s action was proper under three separate legal principles.
Agency cannot retroactively terminate to reduce damages
An agency must use-it or lose-it under a fixed-priced contract. When an agency makes it impossible to receive a contractor’s service under a fixed-priced contract, it must still pay the full contract price. So long as the contractor is willing to live up to its end of the bargain, the contractor is entitled to payment…
Contractors get paid even if appropriations are exhausted
With budget cuts in the headlines and an election just around the corner, contractors once again face the threat of reduced funding for their contracts. The sequestration process established in the Budget Control Act of 2011 will impose automatic across-the-board spending cuts of more than $100 billion per year for each of the next ten years, significantly impacting contract expenditures by the Department of Defense and other agencies. As agencies look for ways to pare down their spending, contractors may find themselves hearing that there is not enough money to go around. Fortunately, contractors can take comfort in the fact that a lack of funding does not normally excuse the government’s payment obligations.
The Supreme Court’s decision in Salazar v. Ramah Navajo Chapter, No. 11-551 (U.S. June 18, 2012) addresses this subject. The government sought to avoid its contractual promise to pay the full amount of “contract support costs” to Indian tribes that contracted with the Department of the Interior to provide federally-funded services such as education, health services, and law enforcement. The contracts with the tribes were authorized by the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act, which requires the Secretary of the Interior to pay the full amount of a tribe’s contract support costs (e.g. auditing costs, workers’ compensation insurance, and start-up costs) subject to the availability of appropriations. But if the contract support costs are not paid, the tribal contractors can pursue money damages under the Contract Disputes Act and obtain payment through the Judgment Fund, which does not have any fiscal year limitations and is not subject to Congressional appropriations.
Postal contractor’s default termination overturned
Personal use of an undeliverable coupon by a mail delivery contractor violated postal regulations but did not justify the default termination of her contract. The particular post office had allowed others in the office to use such undeliverable items, though that local practice violated postal regulations. Although the Postal Service Board of Contract of Contract Appeals (PSBCA) decided the case in the contractor’s favor, one judge dissented and believed the termination was justifiable. See Laura K. McNew, PSBCA No. 6286, April 23, 2012.
Postal Service breaches oral contract: owes contractor lost profit and wages
Oral contracts do exist, and the U.S. Postal Service cannot force you to sign a contract with different terms than previously agreed upon. That’s the take-way from a recent decision issued by the Postal Service Board of Contract Appeals (PSBCA) in a case called Sharon Roedel, PSBCA No. 6347, 6348, April 10, 2012. The PSBCA found that the Postal Service breached an oral contract it had with Roedel, and that USPS owed her the profits and wages she would have earned under the six-month emergency contract.
Breaking down the Army’s $7 billion RFP for renewable energy
The draft RFP issued by the Army Energy Initiatives Task Force is a significant step in the Army’s plan to develop large-scale renewable energy projects. It presents as much as $7 billion in new opportunities to the alternative energy market and reflects a growing synergy between the defense and energy industries. Here we highlight some of the key provisions in the draft RFP, including some that are unique to contracts with the federal government.
The Draft RFP
The draft RFP was issued by the Army Energy Initiatives Task Force. It contemplates a multiple-award indefinite delivery-indefinite quantity contract under which the Army could purchase up to $7 billion worth of renewable and alternative energy over 10 years—a base period of 3 years with 7 option years. Through competition with the IDIQ contract holders, the Army would issue individual firm-fixed-price task orders to purchase electricity through Power Purchase Agreements based on a fixed rate per unit of energy (e.g. $/kWh). The PPAs would be allocated across four renewable technologies: solar (1.5 billion kWh); wind (9 billion kWh); biomass (19 billion kWh); and geothermal (8 billion kWh).
Depending on the requirements of a particular task order, bidders could be responsible for constructing the energy generating systems and guaranteeing a certain level of renewable energy output by a specific date. Failing to meet the specified date could subject the contractor to liquidated damages for the output shortfall on a price-per-MWh basis.
Maintenance of the energy generation systems would be the contractor’s responsibility, as would achieving certain output performance levels over the course of the PPA. For variable energy production technologies (i.e. solar and wind), contractors would have to maintain performance levels that are in the top 25 percent of the industry in the United States. For continuous energy production technologies (i.e. geothermal and biomass), contractors would be required to provide replacement energy at no cost when their systems fail to meet the minimum production requirements.
To offset the construction and maintenance costs, bidders would be required to take advantage of all available utility incentive programs. The government would retain ownership of any renewable energy credits associated with the energy generated under the task order.
Recoverable Costs under a Terminated Postal Service Contract
If your Postal Service HCR contract is terminated for convenience, what costs are you entitled to recover? The Postal Service Board of Contract Appeals recently addressed this very question. Here’s a hint: it’s more than just the cost of your now underused equipment. Read on for the details.